Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to say that
some analysts “produced,” or manufactured or brought about, the increase in
future revenues of the fashion resale market. The analysts themselves couldn’t
have brought about the future revenue growth, since, as the text suggests, they
were merely in the position of drawing conclusions about future fashion resale
market revenue based on 2019 revenue. Choice B is incorrect because the text
indicates that some analysts expected the fashion resale market to continue to
grow in the future, not that they “denied,” or rejected, this notion. Nothing in the
text supports the idea that these analysts thought the revenues wouldn’t grow.
Choice C is incorrect because the text indicates that some analysts expected the
fashion resale market to continue to grow in the future, not that they “worried,” or
felt concerned, that revenue would significantly increase by 2028. Nothing in the
text suggests that the analysts felt concerned about the increase; rather, the text
suggests that the increase would represent a favorable outcome, since it would
mean that the fashion resale market grew to generate even more revenue.

Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to say that Landry
and her colleagues have shown that it may be possible to “conceptualize,” or form
an idea of, the difficulty of transmitting biomolecules through the walls of plant
cells. The text presents this difficulty as a known problem that Landry and her
colleagues think they may have solved, not as a mysterious occurrence that they
have yet to form ideas about. Choice B is incorrect because the text suggests
that Landry and her colleagues think it may be possible to successfully deal with
the problem of transmitting biomolecules through the walls of plant cells, not
that Landry and her colleagues think it may be possible to “neglect,” or simply to
disregard and ignore the problem. Choice C is incorrect because it wouldn’t make
sense in context to say that Landry and her colleagues have shown that it may be
possible to “illustrate,” or demonstrate, the difficulty of transmitting biomolecules
through the walls of plant cells by using carbon nanotubes. According to the text,
carbon nanotubes allow molecules to be transmitted to plant cells—something
that is otherwise difficult to do. The text therefore presents carbon nanotubes as a
way of possibly solving a problem, not as a means of demonstrating the problem

Choice A is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that Arce and El-Khadra
spend time “selecting,” or choosing, subatomic particles for some purpose; the text
simply states that the particle physicists use advanced technology to see and study
the behavior of those tiny parts of matter. Choice C is incorrect because nothing in
the text suggests that Arce and El-Khadra spend time “creating” subatomic particles,
or bringing them into existence; the text simply states that the particle physicists use
advanced technology to see and study the behavior of those tiny parts of matter.
Choice D is incorrect. In this context, “deciding” would mean making a final choice or
judgment about something. It wouldn’t make sense to say that particle physicists get
to choose what is and isn’t visible to the naked eye, especially when the text presents
it as fact that subatomic particles are “the smallest detectable parts of matter”
and would therefore be invisible. The text focuses on Arce and El-Khadra’s close
observation of those particles, not on any decisions they might make.

Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s
discussion of the fossilized bones of the hominin known as Little Foot. As used
in this context, “comparable to” would mean similar to. The text indicates that the
relationship between the fossilized clavicle and shoulder bones of Little Foot and
the clavicle and shoulder bones of “frequent climbers,” such as chimpanzees and
gorillas, suggests that Little Foot had adapted to moving around in trees. This
context suggests that the relationship between the fossilized bones of Little Foot
and the bones of chimpanzees and gorillas is one of similarity—the Little Foot
fossils are likely comparable to the modern ape bones.

Choice A is incorrect because “infallible” means to be accurate or without fault,
which wouldn’t make sense in context. The text focuses on the fact that Delany
has written many characters who are poets and writers. This context suggests
that the occupation isn’t atypical for Delany, not that the occupation isn’t infallible,
or problematic. Choice C is incorrect because “lucrative” means to be profitable,
which wouldn’t make sense in context. If writing poet characters weren’t
profitable, it wouldn’t be logical to explain this by citing that Delany gave many
of his characters the same occupation. Choice D is incorrect because “tedious”
means to be boring, which wouldn’t make sense in context. The text focuses
on the fact that Delany has written many characters who are poets and writers.
This context suggests that the occupation isn’t atypical for Delany, not that the
occupation isn’t tedious.

Choice A is incorrect because there’s nothing in the text to suggest that Jeyifous
“validated,” or corroborated, the series of images. The text describes Jeyifous’s
process for composing the images but doesn’t describe Jeyifous making an
effort to evaluate the images for their artistic or scientific legitimacy. Choice C is
incorrect because there’s nothing in the text to suggest that Jeyifous “challenged,”
or disputed, an aspect of the images; rather, the focus of the text is on the
inspiration behind the images and the method Jeyifous used to achieve them.
Choice D is incorrect because the text indicates that Jeyifous made the images
himself using a combination of photography and magnified pictures of cells, not
that he “restored,” or reconditioned, the images from a deteriorated state.

Choice B is incorrect because the phrase “supplement to,” or addition to, wouldn’t
make sense in context. The text discusses Sumner’s efforts to increase the
number of Black psychology students, but it doesn’t make sense to describe
him as an addition to his efforts. Choice C is incorrect because Sumner was
already an accomplished psychologist himself when he helped to found the
Howard University psychology department. While Black students were the
beneficiaries of his efforts—that is, they received help because of his efforts—it
wouldn’t make sense in this context to describe Sumner as a “beneficiary of”
opportunities, because he was the one doing the helping. Choice D is incorrect
because founding a psychology department at Howard University wouldn’t be
a “distraction for” Sumner’s aim to increase the opportunity for Black students
to study psychology—that is, it wouldn’t be something that draws Sumner’s
attention away from that goal, but rather the opposite.

Choice A is incorrect. Saying that a monarch who is faced with questions about
the legitimacy of his reign was able to “reciprocate” his right to the French throne
would mean that he either returned his right to the throne or that he responded
in kind to the challenge. Neither of these meanings would make sense in context
because the text focuses on people who did reign as French monarchs and
defended their right to do so. Choice B is incorrect because it wouldn’t make
sense in context to discuss factors that enabled a monarch to “annotate,” or add
notes to or explain, his right to the French throne. Nothing in the text suggests
that the monarchs were writing notes about their right to the throne; instead,
faced with questions about the legitimacy of their reign, the monarchs defended
their right. Choice D is incorrect because it wouldn’t make sense in context to
discuss factors that enabled a monarch to “disengage,” or withdraw his right to
the French throne. The text focuses on an examination of people who reigned as
French monarchs, not on people who didn’t choose to rule.

Choice A is incorrect. Rather than mentioning a physical feature of female cuckoos,
the underlined sentence introduces a specific behavior of female cuckoos: laying
eggs in the nests of birds of other species when the other birds are away. The only
reference to physical features is the last sentence’s general mention of cuckoo
chicks looking different from chicks of other species. Choice B is incorrect because
the underlined sentence refers to the nests of birds other than cuckoos and doesn’t
describe how any nests look, cuckoo or otherwise. Instead, the sentence addresses
how female cuckoos use other birds’ nests. Choice D is incorrect because the
underlined sentence describes only female cuckoo behavior (laying eggs in the
nests of birds of other species when the other birds are away); it’s the last sentence
of the text that addresses the other birds’ reaction, indicating that those birds
usually raise the cuckoo chicks once they’ve hatched.

Choice B is incorrect because, as the text explains, the recordings played for
each cat in the study were of the voice of the cat’s owner, not a stranger’s voice.
Choice C is incorrect because the text explains that during the study, the cats
didn’t interact directly with their owners; instead, the cats listened to recordings
of their owners’ voices. Choice D is incorrect because the text doesn’t indicate
that the researchers monitored the cats’ movement around the room in which the
study was conducted.

Choice B is incorrect. If the choy sum planted in the neutral soil produced less
plant matter and therefore weighed less than the choy sum planted in the acidic
soil-and-coffee-grounds mixture, this finding would strengthen the student’s
hypothesis, not weaken it. Choice C is incorrect. If seeds planted in neutral
soil (without coffee grounds) sprouted significantly later than seeds planted in
the acidic soil-and-coffee -grounds mixture, this finding would strengthen, not
weaken, the student’s hypothesis that acidic soil benefits choy sum. Choice D is
incorrect. If seeds planted in the neutral soil (without coffee grounds) sprouted
significantly fewer plants than seeds planted in the acidic soil-and-coffeegrounds mixture did, this finding would strengthen, not weaken, the student’s
hypothesis that choy sum benefits from acidic soil.

Choice A is incorrect because the teenager′s reaction to the flowers doesn’t make
it clear that she has an unpleasant attitude, and nothing in the quotation indicates
that any part of her appearance is pleasant. Choice C is incorrect because the
quotation suggests that the teenager has an unpleasant attitude (being upset
with the location and leaving the table before the narrator has paid for the meal)
but doesn’t give any indication that she has a pleasant appearance. Choice D
is incorrect because the quotation suggests that the teenager may have an
unpleasant attitude (lowering her eyes, wincing, and sitting in silence) but doesn’t
give any indication that any part of her appearance is pleasant.

Choice A is incorrect because finding that participants perceived commentators
in the debate as more knowledgeable than commentators in the panel is irrelevant
to Tannen’s hypothesis, which is that presenting multiple perspectives on an
issue is more informative to the audience than presenting opposing views of
the issue is. Participants’ perception of how knowledgeable panelists are has no
bearing on how much participants learn from the panelists. Choice B is incorrect
because finding that participants perceived commentators in the panel as more
knowledgeable than a single commentator is irrelevant to Tannen’s hypothesis,
which is that presenting multiple perspectives on an issue is more informative
to the audience than presenting opposing views of the issue is. Participants’
perception of how knowledgeable panelists are has no bearing on how much
participants learn from the panelists, and Tannen’s hypothesis says nothing about
how informative single commentators are. Choice D is incorrect because finding
that participants who watched a single commentator answered more questions
correctly than participants who watched the debate did wouldn’t be relevant to
Tannen’s hypothesis, which is that hearing multiple varying perspectives is more
informative than hearing a debate. Tannen’s hypothesis says nothing about how
informative single commentators are

Choice A is incorrect because this quotation doesn’t express King Lear’s sense
of regret over his own actions; instead, it expresses his belief that the harm
that others have done to him (or the extent to which they have “sinned against”
him) outweighs whatever harm he himself has caused by “sinning.” Choice B is
incorrect because this quotation doesn’t express King Lear’s sense of regret over
his own actions; instead, it expresses his thoughts about an approaching storm
(“this tempest”), which he believes “will not give [him] leave to ponder,” or time to
consider, the harm that he will continue to experience (“things” that “would hurt
[him] more”). Choice D is incorrect because this quotation expresses King Lear’s
vow to commit terrible actions (or “things” that “shall be / The terrors of the earth”)
in the future, not his regret over actions that he’s already taken.

Choice B is incorrect because the text never introduces a comparison
between Shakespeare’s tragedies and twentieth-century plays, only between
Shakespeare’s tragedies and his history plays. Since twentieth-century
plays aren’t mentioned, there’s no basis in the text for the idea that some of
Shakespeare’s tragedies are more relevant than twentieth-century plays to
today’s audiences. Choice C is incorrect. Although the text indicates that Romeo
and Juliet is thematically accessible to today’s audiences, it doesn’t suggest
that Romeo and Juliet is more accessible than Shakespeare’s other tragedies.
Rather, the text presents Romeo and Juliet as an example to support the idea
that Shakespeare’s tragedies hold continued appeal for today’s readers and
theatergoers. Choice D is incorrect. Although experts in English history would
likely possess the knowledge needed to understand Shakespeare’s history plays,
the text never mentions such experts or suggests that they would enjoy the
history plays more than Shakespeare’s other works.

Choice A is incorrect because the text never compares the condition of the Rio
Grande Valley’s terrain to that of Mesa Verde’s terrain, either in the present or in the
past. Choice C is incorrect. Although genetic analysis has demonstrated that the
modern turkey population in the Rio Grande valley descended in part from the turkey
population raised by the Ancestral Puebloans of Mesa Verde before their migration
to the valley in 1280, this finding doesn’t eliminate the possibility that Indigenous
peoples living in the valley before 1280 might also have farmed turkeys. Choice D
is incorrect. The text doesn’t consider the possibility that before their migration
to the Rio Grande Valley after 1280, the Ancestral Puebloans of Mesa Verde might
have adopted turkey farming from an outside Indigenous civilization in another
region; instead, the text provides evidence suggesting that the Ancestral Puebloans
brought turkey farming to another region— the Rio Grande Valley—after 1280.

Choice A is incorrect because the text focuses on the struggle to put together a
control group for experiments; it doesn’t suggest that finding information about
politicians’ behavior is difficult. Choice B is incorrect because the experiments
mentioned in the text are testing the effects of holding elected office on a person’s
behavior. Studying people who have already held elected office wouldn’t provide
an opportunity to note any behavioral changes that the position might cause.
Choice C is incorrect because the text defines people in a control group as those
“who are otherwise similar to the office-holders”; selecting people who differ from
the office-holders wouldn’t fit the criteria for an appropriate control group

Choice A is incorrect because the context requires the plural noun “stories,” not
the singular possessive noun “story’s.” Choice B is incorrect because the context
requires the plural nouns “stories” and “immigrants,” not the singular possessive
noun “story’s” and the plural possessive noun “immigrants’.” Choice D is incorrect
because the context requires the plural nouns “stories” and “immigrants,” not the

Choice B is incorrect because no punctuation is needed between a preposition
and its complement. Choice C is incorrect because no punctuation is needed
between a preposition and its complement. Choice D is incorrect because no
punctuation is needed between a preposition and its complement.

Choice A is incorrect because it doesn’t use a relative pronoun to link the verb
phrase beginning with “specializes” to the noun phrase that it modifies (“a book
packaging company”). Choice C is incorrect because it doesn’t use a relative
pronoun to link the verb phrase beginning with “specializes” to the noun phrase
that it modifies (“a book packaging company”). Choice D is incorrect because no
punctuation is needed between the integrated relative clause beginning with “that
specializes” and the noun phrase that it modifies (“a book packaging company”).

Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation use
between sentences. In this choice, the period after “walls” is used correctly
to mark the boundary between the first sentence (“In…walls”) and the second
sentence (“With…techniques”), which starts with a supplementary phrase.

Choice B is incorrect. Without a comma separating the main clause (“chemists…
bacteria”) from the participle “forging,” this choice illogically suggests that the
bacteria are forging a tool, which doesn’t make sense. Choice C is incorrect.
Without a coordinating conjunction such as “and” placed before it, the finite
past tense verb “forged” can’t be used in this way to describe the chemists’
actions. Choice D is incorrect. If read as a finite verb, the present progressive
verb “forging” isn’t consistent with the past tense verbs used in this sentence to
describe the actions of the chemists. If read as a nonfinite verb, the participle
“forging” can’t be used in this way because there is no following main clause for it
to modify

Choice A is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier. The placement of
the noun phrase “the mitigation…waterways” immediately after the modifying
phrase results in unclear modification. The resulting sentence makes it hard
to determine what is responsible for “reducing the runoff”: the bioswales or
some other noun in the sentence. Choice C is incorrect because it results
in a dangling modifier. The placement of the noun phrase “the bioswales’
mitigation…waterways” immediately after the modifying phrase results in
unclear modification. The resulting sentence makes it hard to determine what
is responsible for “reducing the runoff”: the bioswales or some other noun in
the sentence. Choice D is incorrect because it results in a dangling modifier.
The placement of the noun phrase “street flooding and the resulting pollution”
immediately after the modifying phrase illogically suggests that the “flooding and
pollution” are reducing runoff flowing into city sewers.

Choice A is incorrect because it fails to mark the boundary between the main
clause (“A study…continents”) and the supplementary phrase (“geological…
above”) with appropriate punctuation. Choice C is incorrect because a semicolon
can’t be used in this way to join the main clause (“A study…continents”) and the
supplementary phrase (“geological…above”). A semicolon is conventionally used
to join two main clauses, whereas a colon is conventionally used to introduce an
element that explains or amplifies the information in the preceding clause, making
it the better choice in this context. Choice D is incorrect because it results in a
rhetorically unacceptable sentence fragment beginning with “geological.”

Choice B is incorrect because “additionally” illogically signals that the events
described in this sentence merely occurred in addition to the rocket booster’s
failure. Instead, they occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of
a chronological sequence of events. Choice C is incorrect because “indeed”
illogically signals that the events described in this sentence emphasize or
strengthen a statement made in the previous sentence. Instead, they occurred
after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of
events. Choice D is incorrect because “similarly” illogically signals that the events
described in this sentence are similar to the rocket booster’s failure. Instead,
they occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological
sequence of events

Choice B is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that the soil
decontamination method described in this sentence specifies or elaborates on an
aspect of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from
the ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an alternative to that method. Choice C
is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the soil decontamination
method described in this sentence is an example of the previously described
method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead,
phytoremediation is an alternative to that method. Choice D is incorrect because
“as a result” illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described
in this sentence is a result or consequence of the previously described method
(removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an
alternative to that method.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence compares the number of days in the
Gregorian and Hanke-Henry calendars; it doesn’t explain an advantage of the
Hanke-Henry calendar. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence refers to a
possible reason to adopt the Hanke-Henry calendar—that doing so would help
solve a problem with the Gregorian calendar—it doesn’t identify the problem or
the solution and thus doesn’t explain the advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar.
Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes the origins of the Hanke-Henry
calendar; it doesn’t explain an advantage of it.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence broadly emphasizes Johansen’s ideas about
the Great Law of Peace; it doesn’t identify the influence theory or effectively
present it. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes one fact that supports
the influence theory; it doesn’t effectively present the theory to an audience
unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Choice D is incorrect. The
sentence makes a broad generalization about Native people’s influence on the
founding of the US; it doesn’t effectively present the influence theory

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence explains that astronomer Todd Henry
determined the classifications for the Sun and several other stars nearby; it doesn’t
emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Choice C is incorrect.
The sentence explains that the majority of stars near the Sun are classified as
K or M stars; it doesn’t indicate the Sun’s temperature or emphasize how hot it
is relative to nearby stars. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence indicates
that the Sun is classified differently than most nearby stars due to its surface
temperature, it doesn’t emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence introduces the Atlantic Monthly and mentions
that it’s referred to in Cathryn Halverson’s book title; it doesn’t effectively
introduce Halverson’s book. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence assumes
that the audience is unfamiliar with the Atlantic Monthly, providing background
information about the magazine; it doesn’t effectively introduce Halverson’s book
to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Choice D is incorrect.
While the sentence assumes that the audience is familiar with the Atlantic
Monthly, it doesn’t effectively introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes how a magnificent frigatebird
captures prey without diving into water; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between
the two ways the seabird acquires food. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence
notes the term used to describe one of the two ways that magnificent frigatebirds
acquire food; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two ways. Choice D
is incorrect. The sentence describes the two ways that a magnificent frigatebird
acquires food; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two ways.